undefined

Try it

function test(t) {
  if (t === undefined) {
    return "Undefined value!";
  }
  return t;
}

let x;

console.log(test(x));
// Expected output: "Undefined value!"

Value

The primitive value undefined.

Description

undefined is a property of the global object. That is, it is a variable in global scope.

In all non-legacy browsers, undefined is a non-configurable, non-writable property. Even when this is not the case, avoid overriding it.

A variable that has not been assigned a value is of type undefined. A function returns undefined if a value was not returned. Accessing a property that does not exist also returns undefined. The void operator always returns undefined.

// DON'T DO THIS

(() => {
  const undefined = "foo";
  console.log(undefined, typeof undefined); // foo string
})();

((undefined) => {
  console.log(undefined, typeof undefined); // foo string
})("foo");

Examples

Strict equality and undefined

You can use undefined and the strict equality and inequality operators to determine whether a variable has a value. In the following code, the variable x is not initialized, and the if statement evaluates to true.

let x;
if (x === undefined) {
  // these statements execute
} else {
  // these statements do not execute
}

typeof operator and undefined

typeof can also determine whether a variable is undefined:

let x;
if (typeof x === "undefined") {
  // these statements execute
}

One reason to use typeof is that it does not throw an error if the variable does not exist in the current scope.

// x has not been declared before
// evaluates to true without errors
if (typeof x === "undefined") {
  // these statements execute
}

// Throws a ReferenceError
if (x === undefined) {
}

It also works with variables declared with var after the check, because the declaration is hoisted to the top of the scope with value undefined.

if (typeof x === "undefined") {
  // these statements execute
}
var x = 1;

This technique is usually only useful for testing global variables. You can know if a variable exists at any other scope (blocks, functions, modules, etc.) just by looking at the source code. The global scope is bound to the global object, so checking the existence of a variable in the global context can be done by checking the existence of a property on the global object, such as by using the in operator:

if ("x" in window) {
  // These statements execute only if x is defined globally
}

However, none of the techniques above work if the variable is declared with let, const, or other lexical declarations. Using typeof before the line of declaration still produces a ReferenceError, due to the temporal dead zone (TDZ).

if (typeof z === "undefined") {
  // Uncaught ReferenceError: Cannot access 'z' before initialization
}
let z = 1;

Furthermore, let and const declarations do not create properties on the global object, so they cannot be checked with the in operator either.

let z;
if ("z" in window) {
  // false, even if z is declared globally with let or const
}

If you want to share global variables across different scripts, it is more advisable to use var or explicitly attach them to the global object:

window.myGlobalVar = "foo";

void operator and undefined

The void operator can also be used to produce the undefined value. This is very commonly seen in minified code because void 0 is 3 bytes shorter and cannot be overridden. You should usually avoid this pattern in your own code.

let x;
if (x === void 0) {
  // these statements execute
}

// y has not been declared before
if (y === void 0) {
  // throws Uncaught ReferenceError: y is not defined
}

Specifications

Browser compatibility

See also

• JavaScript data types and data structures
• null