matrix3d() CSS function

Baseline Widely available

This feature is well established and works across many devices and browser versions. It’s been available across browsers since July 2015.

The matrix3d() CSS function defines a 3D transformation as a 4x4 homogeneous matrix. Its result is a <transform-function> data type.

Try it

transform: matrix3d(
  -0.6,
  1.34788,
  0,
  0,
  -2.34788,
  -0.6,
  0,
  0,
  0,
  0,
  1,
  0,
  0,
  0,
  10,
  1
);
transform: matrix3d(
  0.5,
  0,
  -0.866025,
  0,
  0.595877,
  1.2,
  -1.03209,
  0,
  0.866025,
  0,
  0.5,
  0,
  25.9808,
  0,
  15,
  1
);
<section id="default-example">
  <img class="transition-all" id="example-element" src="../../../../../../../shared-assets/images/examples/firefox-logo.svg" width="200">
</section>

Syntax

css
matrix3d(a1, b1, c1, d1, a2, b2, c2, d2, a3, b3, c3, d3, a4, b4, c4, d4)

Values

The matrix3d() function is specified with 16 values. They are described in the column-major order.

a1 b1 c1 d1 a2 b2 c2 d2 a3 b3 c3 d3

Are <number>s describing the linear transformation.

a4 b4 c4 d4

Are <number>s describing the translation to apply.

Cartesian coordinates on ℝ^2 Homogeneous coordinates on ℝℙ^2 Cartesian coordinates on ℝ^3 Homogeneous coordinates on ℝℙ^3
This transformation applies to the 3D space and can't be represented on the plane. A generic 3D affine transformation can't be represented using a Cartesian-coordinate matrix, as translations are not linear transformations.
(a1a2a3a4b1b2b3b4c1c2c3c4d1d2d3d4)\left( \begin{array}{cccc} a1 & a2 & a3 & a4 \\ b1 & b2 & b3 & b4 \\ c1 & c2 & c3 & c4 \\ d1 & d2 & d3 & d4 \\ \end{array} \right)

Formal syntax

<matrix3d()> = 
matrix3d( <number>#{16} )

Examples

Cube squashing example

The following example shows a 3D cube created from DOM elements and transforms, which can be hovered/focused to apply a matrix3d() transform to it.

HTML

html
<section id="example-element" tabindex="0">
  <div class="face front">1</div>
  <div class="face back">2</div>
  <div class="face right">3</div>
  <div class="face left">4</div>
  <div class="face top">5</div>
  <div class="face bottom">6</div>
</section>

CSS

css
#example-element {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  transform-style: preserve-3d;
  transition: transform 1.5s;
  transform: rotate3d(1, 1, 1, 30deg);
  margin: 50px auto;
}

#example-element:hover,
#example-element:focus {
  transform: rotate3d(1, 1, 1, 30deg)
    matrix3d(1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 6, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 50, 100, 0, 1.1);
}

.face {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  position: absolute;
  backface-visibility: inherit;
  font-size: 60px;
  color: white;
}

.front {
  background: rgb(90 90 90 / 70%);
  transform: translateZ(50px);
}

.back {
  background: rgb(0 210 0 / 70%);
  transform: rotateY(180deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.right {
  background: rgb(210 0 0 / 70%);
  transform: rotateY(90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.left {
  background: rgb(0 0 210 / 70%);
  transform: rotateY(-90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.top {
  background: rgb(210 210 0 / 70%);
  transform: rotateX(90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.bottom {
  background: rgb(210 0 210 / 70%);
  transform: rotateX(-90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

Result

Matrix translation and scale example

Another transform3d() example, which implements an animated combined translate and scale.

HTML

html
<div class="foo">
  Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Quos quaerat sit
  soluta, quisquam exercitationem delectus qui unde in facere necessitatibus aut
  quia porro dolorem nesciunt enim, at consequuntur aliquam esse?
</div>

CSS

css
html {
  width: 100%;
}
body {
  height: 100vh;
  /* Centering content */
  display: flex;
  flex-flow: row wrap;
  justify-content: center;
  align-content: center;
}
.foo {
  width: 50%;
  padding: 1em;
  color: white;
  background: #ff8c66;
  border: 2px dashed black;
  text-align: center;
  font-family: system-ui, sans-serif;
  font-size: 14px;
  /* Setting up animation for better demonstration */
  animation: MotionScale 2s alternate linear infinite;
}

@keyframes MotionScale {
  0% {
    /*
      Identity matrix is used as basis here.
      The matrix below describes the
      following transformations:
        Translates every X point by -50px
        Translates every Y point by -100px
        Translates every Z point by 0
        Scales down by 10%
    */
    /* prettier-ignore */
    transform: matrix3d(
      1, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 1, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 1, 0,
      -50, -100, 0, 1.1
    );
  }
  50% {
    /* prettier-ignore */
    transform: matrix3d(
      1, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 1, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 1, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0.9
    );
  }
  100% {
    /* prettier-ignore */
    transform: matrix3d(
      1, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 1, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 1, 0,
      50, 100, 0, 1.1
    )
  }
}

Result

Specifications

Specification
CSS Transforms Module Level 2
# funcdef-matrix3d

Browser compatibility

desktop mobile
Chrome
Edge
Firefox
Opera
Safari
Chrome Android
Firefox for Android
Opera Android
Safari on iOS
Samsung Internet
WebView Android
WebView on iOS
matrix3d()
Chrome – Full support
Chrome 12 (Release date: 2011-06-07)
footnote Full support
Edge – Full support
Edge 12 (Release date: 2015-07-29)
footnote Full support
Firefox – Full support
Firefox 10 (Release date: 2012-01-31)
footnote
footnote Before Firefox 16, the translation values of matrix3d() could be <length>s, in addition to the standard <number>.
Opera – Full support
Opera 15 (Release date: 2013-07-02)
footnote Full support
Safari – Full support
Safari 4 (Release date: 2009-06-08)
footnote Full support
Chrome Android – Full support
Chrome Android 18 (Release date: 2012-06-27)
footnote Full support
Firefox for Android – Full support
Firefox for Android 10 (Release date: 2012-01-31)
footnote Full support
Opera Android – Full support
Opera Android 14 (Release date: 2013-05-21)
footnote Full support
Safari on iOS – Full support
Safari on iOS 3.2 (Release date: 2010-04-03)
footnote Full support
Samsung Internet – Full support
Samsung Internet 1 (Release date: 2013-04-27)
footnote Full support
WebView Android – Full support
WebView Android 3 (Release date: 2011-02-22)
footnote Full support
WebView on iOS – Full support
WebView on iOS 3.2 (Release date: 2010-04-03)
footnote Full support

Legend

Tip: you can click/tap on a cell for more information.

Full support
Full support
See implementation notes.

See also