`perspective()` CSS function

Baseline Widely available

This feature is well established and works across many devices and browser versions. It’s been available across browsers since July 2015.

See full compatibility

The perspective() CSS function defines a transformation that sets the distance between the user and the z=0 plane, the perspective from which the viewer would be if the 2-dimensional interface were 3-dimensional. Its result is a <transform-function> data type.

Try it

transform: perspective(0);

transform: perspective(none);

transform: perspective(800px);

transform: perspective(23rem);

transform: perspective(6.5cm);

<section class="default-example" id="default-example">
  <div class="transition-all" id="example-element">
    <div class="face front">1</div>
    <div class="face back">2</div>
    <div class="face right">3</div>
    <div class="face left">4</div>
    <div class="face top">5</div>
    <div class="face bottom">6</div>
  </div>
</section>

#default-example {
  background: linear-gradient(skyblue, khaki);
  perspective: 800px;
  perspective-origin: 150% 150%;
}

#example-element {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  perspective: 550px;
  transform-style: preserve-3d;
}

.face {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  position: absolute;
  backface-visibility: inherit;
  font-size: 60px;
  color: white;
}

.front {
  background: rgb(90 90 90 / 0.7);
  transform: translateZ(50px);
}

.back {
  background: rgb(0 210 0 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateY(180deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.right {
  background: rgb(210 0 0 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateY(90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.left {
  background: rgb(0 0 210 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateY(-90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.top {
  background: rgb(210 210 0 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateX(90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.bottom {
  background: rgb(210 0 210 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateX(-90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

The perspective() transform function is part of the transform value applied on the element being transformed. This differs from the perspective and perspective-origin properties which are attached to the parent of a child transformed in 3-dimensional space.

Syntax

css

perspective(d)

Values

d

Is a <length> representing the distance from the user to the z=0 plane. The z=0 plane is the plane where everything appears in a 2-dimensional view, or the screen. Values smaller than 1px (including zero) are clamped to 1px. Negative values are syntax errors.

Values other than none cause elements with positive z positions to appear larger, and elements with negative z positions to appear smaller. Elements with z positions equal to or larger than the perspective value disappear as though they are behind the user. Large values of perspective represent a small transformation; small values of perspective() represent a large transformation; perspective(none) represents perspective from infinite distance and no transformation.

Cartesian coordinates on ℝ^2	Homogeneous coordinates on ℝℙ^2	Cartesian coordinates on ℝ^3	Homogeneous coordinates on ℝℙ^3
This transformation applies to the 3D space and can't be represented on the plane.		This transformation is not a linear transformation in ℝ^3, and can't be represented using a Cartesian-coordinate matrix.	$\left( \begin{array}{cccc} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -\frac{1}{d} & 1 \\ \end{array} \right)$

Formal syntax

<perspective()> = 
  perspective( [ <length [0,∞]> | none ] )

Examples

HTML

html

<p>Without perspective:</p>
<div class="no-perspective-box">
  <div class="face front">A</div>
  <div class="face top">B</div>
  <div class="face left">C</div>
</div>

<p>With perspective (9cm):</p>
<div class="perspective-box-far">
  <div class="face front">A</div>
  <div class="face top">B</div>
  <div class="face left">C</div>
</div>

<p>With perspective (4cm):</p>
<div class="perspective-box-closer">
  <div class="face front">A</div>
  <div class="face top">B</div>
  <div class="face left">C</div>
</div>

CSS

css

.face {
  position: absolute;
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  line-height: 100px;
  font-size: 100px;
  text-align: center;
}

p + div {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  transform-style: preserve-3d;
  margin-left: 100px;
}
.no-perspective-box {
  transform: rotateX(-15deg) rotateY(30deg);
}

.perspective-box-far {
  transform: perspective(9cm) rotateX(-15deg) rotateY(30deg);
}

.perspective-box-closer {
  transform: perspective(4cm) rotateX(-15deg) rotateY(30deg);
}

.top {
  background-color: skyblue;
  transform: rotateX(90deg) translate3d(0, 0, 50px);
}

.left {
  background-color: pink;
  transform: rotateY(-90deg) translate3d(0, 0, 50px);
}

.front {
  background-color: limegreen;
  transform: translate3d(0, 0, 50px);
}

Result

Specifications

Specification
CSS Transforms Module Level 2 # funcdef-perspective

Browser compatibility

	desktop					mobile
	Chrome	Edge	Firefox	Opera	Safari	Chrome Android	Firefox for Android	Opera Android	Safari on iOS	Samsung Internet	WebView Android	WebView on iOS
`perspective()`	Chrome – Full support Chrome 12 (Release date: 2011-06-07) footnote Full support	Edge – Full support Edge 12 (Release date: 2015-07-29) footnote Full support	Firefox – Full support Firefox 10 (Release date: 2012-01-31) footnote Full support	Opera – Full support Opera 15 (Release date: 2013-07-02) footnote Full support	Safari – Full support Safari 4 (Release date: 2009-06-08) footnote Full support	Chrome Android – Full support Chrome Android 18 (Release date: 2012-06-27) footnote Full support	Firefox for Android – Full support Firefox for Android 10 (Release date: 2012-01-31) footnote Full support	Opera Android – Full support Opera Android 14 (Release date: 2013-05-21) footnote Full support	Safari on iOS – Full support Safari on iOS 3.2 (Release date: 2010-04-03) footnote Full support	Samsung Internet – Full support Samsung Internet 1 (Release date: 2013-04-27) footnote Full support	WebView Android – Full support WebView Android 3 (Release date: 2011-02-22) footnote Full support	WebView on iOS – Full support WebView on iOS 3.2 (Release date: 2010-04-03) footnote Full support
`perspective(none)`	Chrome – Full support Chrome 97 (Release date: 2022-01-04) footnote Full support	Edge – Full support Edge 97 (Release date: 2022-01-06) footnote Full support	Firefox – Full support Firefox 93 (Release date: 2021-10-05) footnote Full support	Opera – Full support Opera 83 (Release date: 2022-01-19) footnote Full support	Safari – Full support Safari 15.4 (Release date: 2022-03-14) footnote Full support	Chrome Android – Full support Chrome Android 97 (Release date: 2022-01-04) footnote Full support	Firefox for Android – Full support Firefox for Android 93 (Release date: 2021-10-05) footnote Full support	Opera Android – Full support Opera Android 68 (Release date: 2022-03-30) footnote Full support	Safari on iOS – Full support Safari on iOS 15.4 (Release date: 2022-03-14) footnote Full support	Samsung Internet – Full support Samsung Internet 18 (Release date: 2022-08-08) footnote Full support	WebView Android – Full support WebView Android 97 (Release date: 2022-01-04) footnote Full support	WebView on iOS – Full support WebView on iOS 15.4 (Release date: 2022-03-14) footnote Full support

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Full support: Full support

perspective() CSS function

Legend

`perspective()` CSS function