`scale3d()` CSS function

Baseline Widely available

This feature is well established and works across many devices and browser versions. It’s been available across browsers since July 2015.

See full compatibility

The scale3d() CSS function defines a transformation that resizes an element in 3D space. Because the amount of scaling is defined by a vector [sx, sy, sz], it can resize different dimensions at different scales. Its result is a <transform-function> data type.

Try it

transform: scale3d(1, 1, 1);

transform: scale3d(1.3, 1.3, 1.3);

transform: scale3d(0.5, 1, 1.7);

transform: scale3d(-1.4, 0.4, 0.7);

<section class="default-example" id="default-example">
  <div class="transition-all" id="example-element">
    <div class="face front">1</div>
    <div class="face back">2</div>
    <div class="face right">3</div>
    <div class="face left">4</div>
    <div class="face top">5</div>
    <div class="face bottom">6</div>
  </div>
</section>

#default-example {
  background: linear-gradient(skyblue, khaki);
  perspective: 800px;
  perspective-origin: 150% 150%;
}

#example-element {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  perspective: 550px;
  transform-style: preserve-3d;
}

.face {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  position: absolute;
  backface-visibility: inherit;
  font-size: 60px;
  color: white;
}

.front {
  background: rgb(90 90 90 / 0.7);
  transform: translateZ(50px);
}

.back {
  background: rgb(0 210 0 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateY(180deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.right {
  background: rgb(210 0 0 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateY(90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.left {
  background: rgb(0 0 210 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateY(-90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.top {
  background: rgb(210 210 0 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateX(90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.bottom {
  background: rgb(210 0 210 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateX(-90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

This scaling transformation is characterized by a three-dimensional vector. Its coordinates define how much scaling is done in each direction. If all three coordinates are equal, the scaling is uniform (isotropic) and the aspect ratio of the element is preserved (this is a homothetic transformation).

When a coordinate value is outside the [-1, 1] range, the element grows along that dimension; when inside, it shrinks. If it is negative, the result is a point reflection in that dimension. A value of 1 has no effect.

Syntax

css

scale3d(sx, sy, sz)

Values

sx: Is a <number> representing the abscissa (horizontal, x-component) of the scaling vector.
sy: Is a <number> representing the ordinate (vertical, y-component) of the scaling vector.
sz: Is a <number> representing the z-component of the scaling vector.

Cartesian coordinates on ℝ^2	Homogeneous coordinates on ℝℙ^2	Cartesian coordinates on ℝ^3	Homogeneous coordinates on ℝℙ^3
This transformation applies to the 3D space and can't be represented on the plane.		$\left( \begin{array}{ccc} sx & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & sy & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & sz \end{array} \right)$	$\left( \begin{array}{cccc} sx & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & sy & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & sz & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array} \right)$

Formal syntax

<scale3d()> = 
  scale3d( [ <number> | <percentage> ]#{3} )

Examples

Without changing the origin

HTML

html

<div>Normal</div>
<div class="scaled">Scaled</div>

CSS

css

div {
  width: 80px;
  height: 80px;
  background-color: skyblue;
}

.scaled {
  transform: perspective(500px) scale3d(2, 0.7, 0.2) translateZ(100px);
  background-color: pink;
}

Result

Translating the origin of the transformation

HTML

html

<div>Normal</div>
<div class="scaled">Scaled</div>

CSS

css

div {
  width: 80px;
  height: 80px;
  background-color: skyblue;
}

.scaled {
  transform: perspective(500px) scale3d(2, 0.7, 0.2) translateZ(100px);
  transform-origin: left;
  background-color: pink;
}

Result

Specifications

Specification
CSS Transforms Module Level 2 # funcdef-scale3d

Browser compatibility

	desktop					mobile
	Chrome	Edge	Firefox	Opera	Safari	Chrome Android	Firefox for Android	Opera Android	Safari on iOS	Samsung Internet	WebView Android	WebView on iOS
`scale3d()`	Chrome – Full support Chrome 12 (Release date: 2011-06-07) footnote Full support	Edge – Full support Edge 12 (Release date: 2015-07-29) footnote Full support	Firefox – Full support Firefox 10 (Release date: 2012-01-31) footnote Full support	Opera – Full support Opera 15 (Release date: 2013-07-02) footnote Full support	Safari – Full support Safari 4 (Release date: 2009-06-08) footnote Full support	Chrome Android – Full support Chrome Android 18 (Release date: 2012-06-27) footnote Full support	Firefox for Android – Full support Firefox for Android 10 (Release date: 2012-01-31) footnote Full support	Opera Android – Full support Opera Android 14 (Release date: 2013-05-21) footnote Full support	Safari on iOS – Full support Safari on iOS 3.2 (Release date: 2010-04-03) footnote Full support	Samsung Internet – Full support Samsung Internet 1 (Release date: 2013-04-27) footnote Full support	WebView Android – Full support WebView Android 3 (Release date: 2011-02-22) footnote Full support	WebView on iOS – Full support WebView on iOS 3.2 (Release date: 2010-04-03) footnote Full support

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Full support: Full support

scale3d() CSS function

HTML

CSS

Result

HTML

CSS

Result

Legend

`scale3d()` CSS function